The DSSC has a number of attractive features; it is simple to make using conventional roll-printing techniques, it is semi-flexible and semi-transparent which offers a variety of uses not for glass-based systems, and most of the materials used are low-cost. In practice it has proven to be a difficult to eliminate number of expensive materials, notably platinum and ruthenium, and the liquid electrolyte presents a serious challenge to make a cell suitable for use in all weather. Although its conversion efficiency is less than the best thin-film cells, in theory its price / performance ratio should be good enough to allow them to compete with fossil fuel electrical generation by achieving a grid parity. Commercial applications, which were held up due to chemical stability problems, are forecast in the European Union Photovoltaic Roadmap to significantly contribute to renewable electricity generation by 2020.
While the counter electrode is coated with a carbon layer as a catalyst. Lignin extraction was carried out in a solvent mixture of ethanol and distilled water with a ratio (1: 1). In this study the process of dissemination using TiO2 substrate immersion technique in dye lignin solution was carried out by immersion variation of 1 hour, 12 hours, and 24 hours was 402.1 mv, 420.9 mv and 431.1 mv. When the lignin dye immersion process affects the voltage, the longer the immersion is done the greater the voltage generated
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